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						<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Hugin Photos tab</span></h1>
						<div id="bodyContent">
								<div id="siteSub">From PanoTools.org Wiki</div>
								
												
				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div id="toc" class="toc"><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Hugin_Photos_tab"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Hugin Photos tab</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Layout_and_usage"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Layout and usage</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Simplest_form_of_Use"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Simplest form of Use</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#User_interface_modes"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">User interface modes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Images_table_options"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Images table options</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Edit_image_variables_popup"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Edit image variables popup</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Context_menu"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Context menu</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Adding_images"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Adding images</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Lens_type"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Lens type</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Feature_Matching"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Feature Matching</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Optimise"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Optimise</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Geometric_.28Simple_and_Advanced_User_interface.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Geometric (Simple and Advanced User interface)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Positions_.28incremental.2C_starting_from_anchor.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Positions (incremental, starting from anchor)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Positions_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Positions (y,p,r)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Positions_and_View_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cv.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Positions and View (y,p,r,v)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Positions_and_Barrel_Distortion_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cb.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Positions and Barrel Distortion (y,p,r,b)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Positions.2C_View_and_Barrel_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cv.2Cb.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Positions, View and Barrel (y,p,r,v,b)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Everything"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Everything</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Geometric_.28Expert_User_interface.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Geometric (Expert User interface)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Positions_and_Translations_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cx.2Cy.2Cz.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Positions and Translations (y,p,r,x,y,z)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Positions.2C_Translation_and_View_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cx.2Cy.2Cz.2Cv.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Positions, Translation and View (y,p,r,x,y,z,v)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Positions.2C_Translation_and_Barrel_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cx.2Cy.2Cz.2Cb.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Positions, Translation and Barrel (y,p,r,x,y,z,b)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Positions.2C_Translation.2C_View_and_Barrel_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cx.2Cy.2Cz.2Cb.2Cb.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Positions, Translation, View and Barrel (y,p,r,x,y,z,b,b)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#The_Custom_parameters"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">The Custom parameters</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Photometric_.28Simple_User_interface.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Photometric (Simple User interface)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Low_dynamic_range"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Low dynamic range</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Low_dynamic_range.2C_variable_white_balance"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Low dynamic range, variable white balance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Custom_parameters"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Custom parameters</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Photometric_.28Advanced_and_Expert_User_interface.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Photometric (Advanced and Expert User interface)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#High_dynamic_range.2C_fixed_exposure"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">High dynamic range, fixed exposure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#High_dynamic_range.2C_variable_white_balance.2C_fixed_exposure"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">High dynamic range, variable white balance, fixed exposure</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Edit_image_variables"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Edit image variables</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Positions"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Positions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Lens"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Lens</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Photometrics"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Photometrics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Exposure_and_Color"><span class="tocnumber">7.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Exposure and Color</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Exposure"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Exposure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Stacks"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Stacks</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Hugin_Photos_tab">Hugin Photos tab</span></h1>
<p>The Photos tab is used to:
</p>
<ul>
<li> Manage the images in a hugin project.
</li>
<li> Edit the positions of the images in the final panorama.
</li>
<li> Edit the lens settings. 
</li>
<li> Edit photometrics settings.
</li>
<li> Edit/Create stacks.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Multi-selection can be used to change the parameters for multiple images. 
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:702px;"><img alt="" src="700px-Hugin2013_photos_tab.png" width="700" height="307" class="thumbimage" /><a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/File:Hugin2013_photos_tab.png">[*]</a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><img src="magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /><a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/File:Hugin2013_photos_tab.png">[*]</a></div>Screenshot of Photos tab; click for enlarged image</div></div></div>
<p><br style="clear:both;" />
</p>
<h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Layout_and_usage">Layout and usage</span></h1>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Simplest_form_of_Use">Simplest form of Use</span></h2>
<p>The photos tab is a tab with a lot of options and possibilities, which will be explained on this page.
However, the simplest use of this tab is:
</p>
<ol>
<li> Use the <img alt="Hugin filenew.png" src="Hugin_filenew.png" width="22" height="22" /><a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/File:Hugin_filenew.png">[*]</a> <b>New project button</b>, if you have already images loaded.
</li>
<li> Use the <b>Add images</b> button to add images to your (new) project.
</li>
<li> Click the <b>Create control points</b> button in the Feature Matching<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Photos_tab#Feature_Matching">[*]</a> section to start detecting the pairs of same points in overlapping images.
</li>
<li> Click under Optimise<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Photos_tab#Optimise">[*]</a> the Calculate button behind <b>Geometric:</b> (incremental, starting from anchor).
</li>
<li> Click under Optimise<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Photos_tab#Optimise">[*]</a> the Calculate button behind <b>Photometric:</b> (Low dynamic range).
</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the most basic usage of this tab. The next step would be to improve "the scene" by <b>center</b>ing, <b>Fit</b>ting, <b>straighten</b>ing, etc. in e.g. the <a href="Hugin_move_drag_tab.html" title="Hugin move drag tab">Hugin move drag tab</a> in the <img alt="Gl preview.png" src="Gl_preview.png" width="22" height="22" /><a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/File:Gl_preview.png">[*]</a> <b>Fast Preview window</b>, which is the <a href="Hugin_Main_window.html" title="Hugin Main window">Hugin Main window</a> in the <b>Simple</b> User interface mode.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="User_interface_modes">User interface modes</span></h2>
<p>The User interface modes, being <b>Simple</b>, <b>Advanced</b> and <b>Expert</b> determine the layout and (number of) options in this tab.
</p><p>The <b>Display</b> radio buttons on the right side determine the layout and what is displayed in the images table. What is displayed in the table, e.g. the number and kind of columns, per <i>Display</i> option is again user interface mode dependent.
For example: In the Display option <b>General</b> the column <i>Stack no.</i>  in the images table (see above (enlarged) screen capture) is only visible (and available) in <b>Advanced</b> and <b>Expert</b> mode.
</p><p>On the right side of the screen you will find the <b>Group by:</b> drop down box with immediately above it the label showing in which user interface mode the screen is currently being used.
The available options are displayed in the table below.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption> "Group by:" options per user interface mode

</caption>
<tr>
<th>  Simple
</th>
<th>  Advanced
</th>
<th>  Expert
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> None
</td>
<td> None
</td>
<td> None
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Lens
</td>
<td> Lens
</td>
<td> Lens
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td> Stacks
</td>
<td> Stacks
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td> Output layers
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td> Output stacks
</td></tr></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Images_table_options">Images table options</span></h2>
<p>The images table has a few events ("mouse action options").
</p>
<ul>
<li> a <b>single-click</b> action, with or without Ctrl/Shift, to (de)select one or multiple images.
</li>
<li> a <b>double-click</b> action which opens the <a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Edit_image_variables" title="Hugin Photos tab">Edit image variables</a> popup where the image parameters can be examined and/or edited.
</li>
<li> a <b>right-click action</b> inside the table which opens a <a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Context_menu" title="Hugin Photos tab">Context menu</a> is opened.
</li>
<li> you can <b>drag and drop</b> images to change the image order or to change the lens or stack assignment of single images.
</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Edit_image_variables_popup">Edit image variables popup</span></h3>
<p>This popup gives you a lot of options and functionality depending whether you work in the <b>Simple</b>, <b>Advanced</b> 
or <b>Expert</b> User interface mode. This is explained in the <a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Edit_image_variables" title="Hugin Photos tab">Edit image variables</a> section.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Context_menu">Context menu</span></h3>
<p>This tab contains a "Context menu", sometimes better known as a "right-click menu" which is accessible in the images table.
</p><p>Depending on the selected images and where you click you get only these commands offered which applies to the current selection:
</p>
<ul>
<li> None image, one image or multiple images selected.
</li>
<li> Click on empty area or click on an image variable (only when Grouped by Lens or Stacks selected).
</li>
</ul>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption> Context menu options in the images table; bulleted options are sub-menu options
</caption>
<tr>
<th> No image selected
</th>
<th> One image selected
</th>
<th> Multiple images selected
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td> Link/Unlink
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td> Edit image variables...
</td>
<td> Edit image variables...
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Add individual images...
</td>
<td> Add individual images...
</td>
<td> Add individual images...
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Add time-series of images...
</td>
<td> Add time-series of images...
</td>
<td> Add time-series of images...
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td> Remove selected image(s)
</td>
<td> Remove selected image(s)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td> Anchor this image for position
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td> Anchor this image for exposure
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td> Lens
<ul>
<li> New lens
</li>
<li> Load lens from ini file
</li>
<li> Load lens from lens database
</li>
<li> Save lens to ini file
</li>
<li> Save lens parameters to lens database
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td> Lens
<ul>
<li> New lens
</li>
<li> Load lens from ini file
</li>
<li> Load lens from lens database
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Control points
<ul>
<li> Remove control points
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td> Control points
<ul>
<li> Remove control points
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td> Control points
<ul>
<li> Remove control points
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Reset
<ul>
<li> Reset positions
</li>
<li> Reset lens parameters
</li>
<li> Reset photometric parameters
</li>
<li> Reset user defined...
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td> Reset
<ul>
<li> Reset positions
</li>
<li> Reset lens parameters
</li>
<li> Reset photometric parameters
</li>
<li> Reset user defined...
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td> Reset
<ul>
<li> Reset positions
</li>
<li> Reset lens parameters
</li>
<li> Reset photometric parameters
</li>
<li> Reset user defined...
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Adding_images">Adding images</span></h1>
<p>Images can either be added with:
</p>
<ul>
<li> the button <b>Add individual images...</b>
</li>
<li> via the context menu (<b>Add individual images...</b> and <b>Add time series of images...</b>)
</li>
<li> via drag and drop. 
</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Add time series of images...</b> adds all images with a similar file modification time as the selected image; if the the project is empty then a file dialogue opens to allow you to pick this initial file.
</p>
<h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Lens_type">Lens type</span></h1>
<p>The most important parameters are the <b><a href="Field_of_View.html" title="Field of View">Horizontal field of view</a></b> and the <b>Lens type</b>. Hugin supports the following projections in input images:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <b><a href="Rectilinear_Projection.html" title="Rectilinear Projection">Normal (rectilinear)</a></b> - The projection used by most <i>standard</i> cameras. It keeps straight lines straight. The maximum horizontal field of view is 180 degrees (for an image of infinite size, that is). Also <a href="Cubic_Projection.html" title="Cubic Projection">cubes</a> (e.g. rendered in a special application) use this type.
</li>
<li> <b><a href="Cylindrical_Projection.html" title="Cylindrical Projection">Panoramic (cylindrical)</a></b> - This type is often simply called <i>cylindrical</i> projection. Usually used by panoramic cameras, such as the Horizon, Roundshot and Spheron cameras; sometimes output generated with early stitching software such as QTVRAS that only copes with single row panoramas.
</li>
<li> <b><a href="Fisheye_Projection.html" title="Fisheye Projection">Circular fisheye</a></b> - Used by many fisheye lenses. If the image is circular or the corners of the image are black, use this type of fisheye lens. A circular crop in the <a href="Hugin_Crop_tab.html" title="Hugin Crop tab">Hugin Crop tab</a> can be used for cutting away the edge borders.
</li>
<li> <b>Full frame fisheye</b> - Exactly the same projection as the above <b>circular fisheye</b>, but the crop option will crop to a rectangle instead of a circle. This should be used for full frame fisheye images. A typical example for this type is a 15 mm fisheye on a full frame DSLR.
</li>
<li> <b><a href="Equirectangular_Projection.html" title="Equirectangular Projection">Equirectangular</a></b> - A full spherical projection. These are not from real world lenses but generally created as the result of the <a href="Hugin_Stitcher_tab.html" title="Hugin Stitcher tab">stitching</a> process; useful to reload a finished panorama to extract further images.
</li>
<li> <b><a href="Projections.html#Orthographic_projection" title="Projections">Orthographic</a></b> - A projection that is e.g. used in cartography. A rare example for a fisheye lens that uses this projection is Nikon's early <i>10mm f5.6 OP</i>.
</li>
<li> <b><a href="Stereographic_Projection.html" title="Stereographic Projection">Stereographic</a></b> - Special fisheye lenses such as the Samyang 8 mm use this projection.
</li>
<li> <b><a href="Projections.html#Equisolid_projection" title="Projections">Equisolid</a></b> - Try this projection if your image is e.g. the reflection of a mirrorball or from the visor of an astronaut's helmet.
</li>
<li> <b>Fisheye Thoby</b> is modeling the Nikkor 10.5 mm fisheye lens.
</li>
</ul>
<p>After the lens type has been specified, an estimate for the horizontal field of view<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Field_of_view">[*]</a> (HFOV) is required. The HFOV specifies the horizontal opening angle of the image in degrees. Since most photographers are more familiar with <a href="Focal_Length.html" title="Focal Length">Focal Length</a> as a measure for the HFOV, it can be entered into hugin, and hugin will compute the HFOV from it. For this calculation the actual focal length and the <a href="Crop_factor.html" title="Crop factor">crop factor</a> of the camera are required. If the 35mm film equivalent focal length is known, a crop factor of 1 should be used.
</p><p>With <a href="JPEG.html" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> images, hugin can usually automatically calculate the HFOV based on the <a href="EXIF.html" title="EXIF">EXIF</a> information.
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Feature_Matching">Feature Matching</span></h1>
<p>Individual <a href="Control_points.html" title="Control points">control points</a> can be created and edited in the <a href="Hugin_Control_Points_tab.html" title="Hugin Control Points tab">Hugin Control Points tab</a>, here in the <b>Photos tab</b> they can be manipulated together.
</p><p>Automatic creation of <a href="Control_points.html" title="Control points">control points</a> can be done by pressing the <b>Create control Points</b> button (if you select just some images, then control points will only be found for those selected). With the dropdown selector in front of the <b>Create control Points</b> button, you select which control point generator (feature matcher) to use for detecting the control points and adding them to the project.
These control point generators (feature matchers) need to be configured in <a href="Hugin_Preferences.html#Control_Point_Detectors" title="Hugin Preferences">Preferences-&gt;Control Point Detectors</a>. Hugin comes standard with <a href="Cpfind.html" title="Cpfind">cpfind</a> and <a href="Align_image_stack.html" title="Align image stack">align_image_stack</a> configured for a number of situations.  The <a href="Hugin_Preferences.html#Control_Point_Detectors" title="Hugin Preferences">Hugin Preferences</a> can be used to set further options and to add new tools to the list or another instance of the same <i>Control Point Detector</i> with other settings (like for rectilinear images or for (full) frame fisheye for example. If you hold down the control key (Command key on Mac OS) when pressing this button. you can specify the number of control points per overlap. Note: Not all control point detectors support this parameter.
</p><p>The <b>Remove control Points</b> option from the context menu<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Photos_tab#Context_menu">[*]</a> option <i>Control Points</i> does exactly what its name suggests, it removes control points between the selected images, or all control points if no image is selected.
</p>
<h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Optimise">Optimise</span></h1>
<p>Hugin has two optimising strategies:
</p>
<ul>
<li> a <b>Geometric</b> strategy that aligns the photos into the correct position in your final panorama.
</li>
<li> a <b>Photometric</b> strategy that optimises brightness and colours between your images to produce the optimal panorama.
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geometric_.28Simple_and_Advanced_User_interface.29">Geometric (Simple and Advanced User interface)</span></h2>
<p><a href="Hugin.html" title="Hugin">Hugin</a> uses a photo alignment scheme where it adjusts image orientation and lens settings of source photos
until the <a href="Control_points.html" title="Control points">control points</a> line-up. This process is called <i>optimisation</i>. 
</p><p>You can <b>manually</b> create individual <b>control points</b> in the <a href="Hugin_Control_Points_tab.html" title="Hugin Control Points tab">Control Points tab</a>, and you can <i>manage</i> them in both the <strong class="selflink">Photos tab</strong> and <a href="Hugin_Control_Points_table.html" title="Hugin Control Points table">Control Points table</a>.
</p><p>The following pre-set optimisation schemes are provided in the <b>Simple</b> and <b>Advanced</b> user interface:
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions_.28incremental.2C_starting_from_anchor.29">Positions (incremental, starting from anchor)</span></h3>
<p>This is the simplest setting, and is probably sufficient for a lot of purposes.  Only the relative orientation of images are optimised, lens parameters are left untouched, this works best if either of the following is true:
</p>
<ul>
<li> The lens has minimal <a href="Barrel_distortion.html" title="Barrel distortion">barrel distortion</a> and the photo <a href="EXIF.html" title="EXIF">EXIF</a> information supplies an accurate <a href="Field_of_View.html" title="Field of View">Field of View</a>.
</li>
</ul>
<p>or
</p>
<ul>
<li> Lens calibration<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/index.php?title=Lens_calibration&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">[*]</a> has already been performed, saved to a file and loaded into the current project via the right-click option in the <a href="Hugin_Photos_tab.html#Context_menu" title="Hugin Photos tab">Context menu</a>.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Note that to align any pair of photos, there should be at least two pairs of <a href="Control_points.html" title="Control points">control points</a> connecting them.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.29">Positions (y,p,r)</span></h3>
<p>This is exactly the same as the <i>incremental</i> setting above except that the parameters are optimised at once, this may confuse the optimiser if the images are not already roughly in the right place.  Don't use this setting.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions_and_View_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cv.29">Positions and View (y,p,r,v)</span></h3>
<p>This is the same as optimising <b>Positions</b> except that the lens <a href="Field_of_View.html" title="Field of View">Field of View</a> is optimised too - Use this if you don't trust the Field of View calculated from the photo's <a href="EXIF.html" title="EXIF">EXIF</a> data.
</p><p>Note that for this too work you need at least three well-spaced pairs of <a href="Control_points.html" title="Control points">control points</a> between any pair of photos.  With a  360 degree panorama it is usually beneficial to optimise the <b>Field of View</b>, even if you have already calibrated this beforehand.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions_and_Barrel_Distortion_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cb.29">Positions and Barrel Distortion (y,p,r,b)</span></h3>
<p>This is the same as optimising <b>Positions</b> except that an attempt is made to discover the lens <a href="Barrel_distortion.html" title="Barrel distortion">barrel distortion</a> at the same time. Only the <b>b</b> parameter of the full <a href="Lens_correction_model.html" title="Lens correction model">lens correction model</a> is varied by this optimisation scheme, as this is a reasonable approximation of the distortion of a typical lens. You should trust the field of view if you use this.
</p><p>Again you need at least three well-placed pairs of <a href="Control_points.html" title="Control points">control points</a> between any pair of photos.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions.2C_View_and_Barrel_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cv.2Cb.29">Positions, View and Barrel (y,p,r,v,b)</span></h3>
<p>As the name suggests this optimises positions, <a href="Field_of_View.html" title="Field of View">Field of View</a> and <a href="Barrel_distortion.html" title="Barrel distortion">barrel distortion</a> all at once.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Everything">Everything</span></h3>
<p>This optimises image orientation and all geometric parameters in the full <a href="Lens_correction_model.html" title="Lens correction model">lens correction model</a>. It includes more lens distortion parameters. The x shift and y shift (d and e) parameters account for the centre of the projection not being in the centre of the image. This is quite common, and gets very bad if an image is the cropped corner of another image.
</p><p>You will need many control points, the more the better, and preferably a full spherical panorama (360 by 180 degrees) to get the best correction. You should also use a calibrated panoramic head<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Heads">[*]</a>. If the control points are bad (either there are not enough or some are in the wrong place), or your images were not taken around the <a href="No-parallax_point.html" title="No-parallax point">no-parallax point</a>, this could produce bizarre results.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geometric_.28Expert_User_interface.29">Geometric (Expert User interface)</span></h2>
<p>The following pre-set optimisation schemes are provided in the <b>Simple</b> and <b>Advanced</b> user interface:
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions_and_Translations_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cx.2Cy.2Cz.29">Positions and Translations (y,p,r,x,y,z)</span></h3>
<p>This will optimise image orientation and the translation you get when moving the camera for a linear panorama. This is great for stitching images of the same flat surface taken from different places, for example when you couldn't fit a painting or the front of a building into one picture. Again it isn't ideal if the lens information such as the field of view is wrong.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions.2C_Translation_and_View_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cx.2Cy.2Cz.2Cv.29">Positions, Translation and View (y,p,r,x,y,z,v)</span></h3>
<p>This is similar to <b>Positions and Translations</b>, except you can use it when you don't trust the <a href="Field_of_View.html" title="Field of View">Field of View</a> from the <a href="EXIF.html" title="EXIF">EXIF</a> data.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions.2C_Translation_and_Barrel_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cx.2Cy.2Cz.2Cb.29">Positions, Translation and Barrel (y,p,r,x,y,z,b)</span></h3>
<p>This is the same as optimising <b>Positions</b> and <b>Translation</b> except that an attempt is made to discover the lens <a href="Barrel_distortion.html" title="Barrel distortion">barrel distortion</a> at the same time. Only the <b>b</b> parameter of the full <a href="Lens_correction_model.html" title="Lens correction model">lens correction model</a> is varied by this optimisation scheme, as this is a reasonable approximation of the distortion of a typical lens. You should trust the field of view if you use this.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions.2C_Translation.2C_View_and_Barrel_.28y.2Cp.2Cr.2Cx.2Cy.2Cz.2Cb.2Cb.29">Positions, Translation, View and Barrel (y,p,r,x,y,z,b,b)</span></h3>
<p>This is useful when you are optimising a linear panorama, don't trust the field of view, and want to correct barrel distortion.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Custom_parameters">The Custom parameters</span></h3>
<p>The pre-set optimisation options are useful for most situations, but sometimes it is necessary to switch to <b>Custom parameters</b>.
</p><p>For example, when shooting hand-held panoramas, some of the position variation between shots can be resolved by using different <b>d</b> and <b>e</b> <b>Image Center Shift</b> parameters for each shot.  Select <b>Custom parameters</b>, and pick the <b>d</b> and <b>e</b> parameters for optimisation on the <a href="Hugin_Optimiser_tab.html" title="Hugin Optimiser tab">hugin Optimiser tab</a>.
</p><p>Similarly, the translation parameters (X, Y, Z) could be used to correct a wonky shot. 
</p><p>The custom parameters are controlled in detail on the <a href="Hugin_Optimiser_tab.html" title="Hugin Optimiser tab">Hugin Optimiser tab</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Photometric_.28Simple_User_interface.29">Photometric (Simple User interface)</span></h2>
<p><a href="Hugin.html" title="Hugin">hugin</a> has a brightness and colour correction system using the default <a href="Nona.html" title="Nona">nona</a> stitching tool in the <a href="Hugin_Stitcher_tab.html" title="Hugin Stitcher tab">hugin Stitcher tab</a>.
</p><p>The <b>hugin</b> system works by sampling a spread of points for each pair of
overlapping images.  The optimiser then tries to model a system of <a href="Camera_response_curve.html" title="Camera response curve">camera response curve</a>,
<b>exposure</b>, <b>white balance</b> and <a href="Vignetting.html" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a> that fits the values of these points.
</p><p>So for this to work, the photos in the project have to be already aligned.  This requires 
that the control points already have been generated (Create control points) and that the images already have been
aligned (Calculate Geometric positions).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Low_dynamic_range">Low dynamic range</span></h3>
<p>This will optimise <a href="Vignetting.html" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a>, the <a href="Camera_response_curve.html" title="Camera response curve">camera response curve</a> and <b>exposure</b> (EV)
for all the photos in your project.
</p><p>The exposures for all images (except for the anchor image determined by selecting 
<b>Anchor this image for exposure</b> in the hugin Images tab<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Hugin_Images_tab">[*]</a>) are optimised.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Low_dynamic_range.2C_variable_white_balance">Low dynamic range, variable white balance</span></h3>
<p>This will optimise <a href="Vignetting.html" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a>, the <a href="Camera_response_curve.html" title="Camera response curve">camera response curve</a>, <b>exposure</b> (EV) and
<b>white balance</b> for all the photos in your project.
</p><p>Similarly to above, the exposures and white balance is optimised for all images except the
<i>anchor</i>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Custom_parameters">Custom parameters</span></h3>
<p>The pre-set options are good for most situations, but sometimes it is necessary to switch to
<b>Custom parameters</b>.  
These photometric <b>Custom parameters</b> are controlled  in detail on the <a href="Hugin_Exposure_tab.html" title="Hugin Exposure tab">hugin Exposure tab</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Photometric_.28Advanced_and_Expert_User_interface.29">Photometric (Advanced and Expert User interface)</span></h2>
<p>Next to the options mentioned above in Photometric (Simple User interface)<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Photos_tab#Photometric_.28Simple_User_interface.29">[*]</a>, 
the Advanced and Expert User interface has the following photometric options.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="High_dynamic_range.2C_fixed_exposure">High dynamic range, fixed exposure</span></h3>
<p>This will optimise <a href="Vignetting.html" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a> and <a href="Camera_response_curve.html" title="Camera response curve">camera response curve</a> for all photos.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="High_dynamic_range.2C_variable_white_balance.2C_fixed_exposure">High dynamic range, variable white balance, fixed exposure</span></h3>
<p>This will optimise <a href="Vignetting.html" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a>, the <a href="Camera_response_curve.html" title="Camera response curve">camera response curve</a> and <b>white balance</b>
for all the photos in your project.
</p>
<h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Edit_image_variables">Edit image variables</span></h1>
<p>The <b>Edit image variables</b> option when double-clicking an image in the image table or via the right-click context menu will open a popup with four tabs being Positions<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Photos_tab#Positions">[*]</a>. Lens<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Photos_tab#Lens">[*]</a>, Photometrics<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Photos_tab#Photometrics">[*]</a> and Camera Response<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Photos_tab#Camera_Response">[*]</a>.
The options in the several tabs of this popup are also dependent on the user interface mode.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Positions">Positions</span></h2>
<p>On the Image <b>Positions</b> tab, the orientation of the selected image(s) in the final panorama can be specified by <a href="Yaw.html" title="Yaw">yaw</a>, <a href="Pitch.html" title="Pitch">pitch</a> and <a href="Roll.html" title="Roll">roll</a> angle (in degrees); and (only) in <b>Expert</b> mode you can also specify the X, Y, and Z translation parameters. 
</p><p>You can set the parameters to 0 in this popup but also via the right-click <b>Reset</b> menu with it's sub-menu options.
</p><p>By selecting an image in the images table and via right-click <b>Anchor this image for position</b> you can indicate that a particular image shouldn't move when
optimising the positions in the panorama.  Only one image can be the <i>anchor</i>, and by default this
is the first image in the project.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Lens">Lens</span></h2>
<p>The tab <b>Lens</b> on the <b>Edit image variables</b> popup allows you to examine or modify the values for the <i>degrees of view</i>, <i>Radial Distortion</i>, <i>Image Center Shift</i> and <i>Image Shearing</i>.
</p><p>Usually lenses do not project images exactly according to the selected projection type, but suffer from distortions.
In many cases the distortions are acceptable for single image shots, but they need to be corrected when stitching a panorama.
The <b>a</b>, <b>b</b> and <b>c</b> parameters are used to remove that distortion.
They are applied radially from the image center, which can be moved by changing the <b>d</b> and <b>e</b> parameters.
These <b>a</b>, <b>b</b>, <b>c</b>, <b>d</b> and <b>e</b> parameters are the basis of the panotools <a href="Lens_correction_model.html" title="Lens correction model">lens correction model</a>.
</p><p>Scanned images might also suffer from image shearing<a class="external" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/index.php?title=Shearing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">[*]</a>. This can be corrected using the <b>g</b> and <b>t</b> parameters.
</p><p>The distortion parameters usually vary with the focal length, and to a lesser degree with the focus.
The <b>link</b> checkbox indicates whether the parameter is linked or not.
A linked parameter is forced to the same value for all images with the same lens number.
This is the default for the HFOV and distortion parameters.
If a parameter is not linked each images is allowed to have individual values for the respective parameter.
This is useful if a different zoom or focus setting has been used for some images.
If scanned images are used, they are usually not perfectly centered, and each image should have individual <b>d</b> and <b>e</b> parameters.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Photometrics">Photometrics</span></h2>
<p><a href="Hugin.html" title="Hugin">hugin</a> models the <b>photometric</b> parameters of a lens/camera combination in a similar way to the <a href="Lens_correction_model.html" title="Lens correction model">lens correction model</a> for <b>Geometric</b> parameters.  These parameters can be set manually here in the hugin <b>Photos tab</b>.
</p><p>Note that any or all of these parameters can be changed back to good defaults by right-clicking the particular image(s) and selecting the  <i>Reset photometric parameters</i> in the <b>Reset...</b> context menu option.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Exposure_and_Color">Exposure and Color</span></h3>
<p><b>Exposure (EV)</b>, EV stands for <i>Exposure Value</i>, setting it to <i>0</i> (zero) will
result in <a href="Hugin.html" title="Hugin">hugin</a> applying no exposure change to the photo.
</p><p>EV is a standard photographic scale, each increase or decrease by one unit will change the 
exposure by the equivalent of one <i>f-stop</i> (ie. halving or doubling the exposure).
</p><p>Very often, different photos in the same project, even those with the same <i>lens number</i>,
will require a different <b>Exposure</b>.  This could be because the photos were taken
with a different shutter-speed or simply because the light changed between shots.
</p><p>If you want to change the exposure EV, the <i>red multiplier</i> <b>Er</b> and the <i>blue multiplier</i> <b>Eb</b>, you need to select the <b>Custom Parameters</b> 
and modify these values on the <a href="Hugin_Exposure_tab.html" title="Hugin Exposure tab">Hugin Exposure tab</a>.
</p><p>If you want to adapt the values for <b>Vignetting</b> and <b>Camera response</b> you need to select the <b>Custom Parameters</b> and modify these values on the 
<a href="Hugin_Exposure_tab.html" title="Hugin Exposure tab">Hugin Exposure tab</a>.
</p>
<h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Exposure">Exposure</span></h1>
<p>By right-clicking an image in the image table and selecting the context menu option <b>Anchor this image for exposure</b> you can specify that a particular image should be used as
an unchanging reference <i>anchor</i> when optimising <b>Exposure</b> or <b>White balance</b>.  Usually this should be the image with the least under or over-exposure or
the image with the most typical <b>White balance</b>.
</p>
<h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Stacks">Stacks</span></h1>
<p><i>(Only in <b>Advanced</b> and <b>Expert</b> user interface mode).</i>
</p><p>Image orientation can be linked between a group of images if they are already aligned. For example, if they form a bracketed (exposure) set shot on a sturdy tripod. To do this, select all the images in the stack, and press the <b>New stack</b> button. You can also move images into an existing stack without selecting all the other images in the stack: press <b>Change stack...</b> and enter the stack number you want the selected images to join. The stack number of each image is given in the table.
</p><p>If your images form approximately aligned stacks, you can create stacks as usual, select all the images and then uncheck <b>Link</b> by the image position. Approximately aligned stacks are common when you shoot bracketed sets handheld, or in windy conditions with a light tripod. Hugin will remember that the images form a stack, but does not force the image orientation and translation to be the same across the stack. This is useful for specifying stacks when you have a Panorama with Stacks <a href="Hugin_Preferences.html#Control_Point_Detectors" title="Hugin Preferences">control point detector configuration</a> before control point generation. You do not have to manually mark approximately aligned stacks in other circumstances, however.
</p>



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